ABSTRACT
Abstract This study examined the effects of pharmacist interventions for patients with advanced prostate cancer. A pre-post study was conducted between October 2014 and August 2017 in a community pharmacy in Brazil for outpatients with advanced prostate cancer, aged ≥ 18 years, using cyproterone acetate and/or goserelin. The patients had face-to-face meetings with a pharmacist who dispensed antiandrogenic drugs and performed interventions aimed at solving and/or preventing drug-therapy problems. Primary outcomes regarding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels were compared at 0, 6, and 12 months, whereas secondary outcomes-medication adherence and quality of life-were compared at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up. Medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky-Green test, and quality of life was measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P). The analysis included 20 patients; 311 drug-therapy problems were identified and most of them were related to adverse reactions (78.5%). The most common adverse reactions were reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, hyperglycemia, fatigue, and gynecomastia. Testosterone levels significantly decreased at 6 months, and PSA levels at 6 and 12 months. No significant changes in adherence were noted at the end of the study. A significant increase in the "pain" domain and an improvement trend in the "physical aspects" and "vitality" domains were observed based on the SF-36 instrument. The findings show that pharmacist interventions were able to improve PSA and testosterone levels, and some domains of quality of life of patients.
ABSTRACT
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de gestão do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) no estado de São Paulo (ESP), sob os aspectos organizacional, operacional e sustentabilidade. O desenho do estudo foi uma investigação avaliativa, com adaptação de um modelo teórico e protocolo de indicadores desenvolvido para aplicação em âmbito nacional, e validado (Grupo Nominal e Comitê Tradicional) para a aplicação na realidade do ESP. A coleta de dados, em 35 unidades, foi realizada em 2017 e 2018 e contemplou todas as áreas que participam da gestão/execução do CEAF do estado, em seu âmbito central e regional. A avaliação da capacidade de gestão foi fundamentada na análise crítica dos resultados obtidos, analisando suas fragilidades e as potencialidades. Verificou-se que a capacidade de gestão foi positiva na dimensão operacional, com desafios concentrados nas demais dimensões. Os resultados demonstraram maiores investimentos e desenvolvimento em aspectos técnicos da assistência farmacêutica, mas deficitárias em relação a aspectos como: monitoramento de resultados clínicos, regulamentação, infraestrutura e comunicação com os atores envolvidos.
Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the management capacity of the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF, in Portuguese) in the state of São Paulo (SP), according to the organizational, operational and sustainability aspects. The study was designed as an evaluative investigation, with the adoption of a theoretical model and protocol of indicators developed for application at the national level and validated (Nominal Group and Traditional Committee) for application in the reality of the SP. The data collection in the 35 CEAF units was carried out in 2017 and 2018, and covered all technical areas that participate in the management/execution of CEAF, in both its central and regional scopes. The assessment of management capacity was based on a critical analysis of the obtained results, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. After collecting data from 35 CEAF units, it was found that the management capacity was positive in the operational dimension with challenges concentrated in the other dimensions. The results showed greater investments and development in the technical aspects of pharmaceutical services, but deficiencies in such areas as the monitoring of clinical results, infrastructure, regulation, and communication with the actors involved.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Services , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Brazil , Drug and Narcotic ControlABSTRACT
Resumo Este estudo de caso visou caracterizar a organização do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) em quatro estados, de diferentes regiões do país. A coleta de dados foi realizada junto a representantes da gestão do CEAF, os quais responderam um questionário com 20 perguntas sobre: abrangência, organização, financiamento, barreiras e facilitadores. Essas informações foram complementadas com dados de inquéritos nacionais de saúde, do DataSUS, os valores investidos e indicadores socioeconômicos. Observaram-se diferenças entre os estados em questões como a proporção de usuários e a descentralização dos serviços. Estas características parecem estar relacionadas com o grau de desenvolvimento em termos dos indicadores socioeconômicos utilizados. Destacaram-se avanços no acesso a medicamentos, apesar das dificuldades para o cumprimento dos objetivos do CEAF, como a insuficiência de recursos, de qualificação da força de trabalho e da oferta de consultas e exames necessários. Os resultados indicam avanços, diferentes formas de organização e destacam a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados relativos aos resultados clínicos e econômicos alcançados, como uma estratégia para traçar soluções para o atendimento integral e equânime dos usuários.
Abstract This case study aimed to characterize the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF) organization in four Brazilian states from diverse regions of the country. Data were collected with representatives of CEAF management from states in different regions, who answered a 21-question questionnaire on scope, organization, financing, hurdles, and facilitators. This information was complemented with data from national health surveys, DataSUS, the applied resources, and socioeconomic indicators. Differences were observed between states on issues such as the proportion of users and the decentralization of services. These characteristics seem to be related to the level of development concerning the socioeconomic indicators used. Advances in access to medicines were highlighted, despite the difficulties complying with the CEAF's objectives, such as insufficient resources, the qualification of human resources, and the provision of necessary visits and exams. The results point to advances, different forms of organization and highlight the need for more in-depth studies on the clinical and economic outcomes achieved as a strategy to outline solutions to achieve the comprehensive and equal care for users.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Services , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Organizations , Health Surveys , Workforce , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most common and fatal cancer amongst Brazilian males. The quality of prostate cancer care in Brazil was systematically reviewed and compared to United Kingdom (UK) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, which are considered an international benchmark in care, to deter- mine any treatment gaps in Brazilian practice. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of Brazilian and UK literature was under- taken. Additionally, quality of life scores was measured using a FACT-P questionnaire of 36 prostate cancer patients attending the Farmácia Universitária da Universidade de São Paulo (FARMUSP). These scores were compared against NICE care measures for patient safety, clinical efficacy and quality of life indicators determined by either quantitative or qualitative methods. Key findings: The quality of prostate cancer care in Brazil was considered good when compared to NICE guidelines. However, FACT-P data strongly indicated a poor under- standing of treatment received by Brazilian patients and that their mental health needs were not being met. Conclusions: NICE quality statements that address the holistic needs of patients should be implemented into Brazilian outpatient care plans. Addressing the non-medical concerns of patients may improve quality of life and can be easily rolled-out through existing Brazilian pharmacy services at no financial cost to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pharmaceutical Services/standards , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Quality Assurance, Health Care/methods , Quality of Life , Ambulatory Care/standards , Reference Standards , Brazil , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Checklist/standards , United KingdomABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The purpose of the work was to assess the incidence of potential drug interactions (pDDI), major pDDI, and the use of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) at hospital admission, during hospitalization, and at discharge to evaluate whether hospital admission provides an opportunity for improving pharmacotherapy in elderly patients at a University hospital that has a clinical pharmacist. A prospective cohort study was carried out using data from the medical records of patients admitted to an internal medicine ward. All admissions and prescriptions were monitored between March and August 2006. Micromedex(r) DrugReax(r) and Beers Criteria 2015 were used to identify pDDI, major pDDI, and PIMs, respectively. A comparison of admission and discharge prescriptions showed the following: an increase in the proportion of patients using antithrombotic agents (76 versus 144; p<0.001), lipid modifying agents (58 versus 81; p=0.024), drugs for acid-related disorders (99 versus 152; p<0.001), and particularly omeprazole (61 versus 87; p=0.015); a decrease in the number of patients prescribed psycholeptics (73 versus 32; p<0.001) and diazepam (54 versus 13; p<0.001); and a decrease in the proportion of patients exposed to polypharmacy (16.1% versus 10.1%; p=0.025), at least one pDDI (44.5% versus 32.8%; p=0.002), major pDDI (19.9% versus 12.2%; p=0.010) or PIM (85.8% versus 51.9%; p<0.001). The conclusion is that admission to a hospital ward that has a clinical pharmacist was associated with a reduction in the number of patients exposed to polypharmacy, pDDI, major pDDI, and the use of PIMs among elderly inpatients.
Subject(s)
Admitting Department, Hospital/classification , Drug Therapy , Inpatients , Drug Prescriptions , Health Services , HospitalsABSTRACT
This study proposes to measure frequency and to characterize the profile of potential drug interactions (pDDI) in a general medicine ward of a teaching hospital. Data about identification and clinical status of patients were extracted from medical records between March to August 2006. The occurrence of pDDI was analyzed using the database monographs Micromedex® DrugReax® System. From 5,336 prescriptions with two or more drugs, 3,097 (58.0%) contained pDDI. The frequency of major and well document pDDI was 26.5%. Among 647 patients, 432 (66.8%) were exposed to at least one pDDI and 283 (43.7%) to major pDDI. The multivariate analysis identified that factors related to higher rates of major pDDI were the same age (p< 0.0001), length of stay (p< 0.0001), prevalence of hypertension [OR=3.42 (p< 0.0001)] and diabetes mellitus [OR=2.1 (p< 0.0001)], cardiovascular diseases (p< 0.0001) and the number of prescribed drugs (Spearman's correlation=0.640622, p< 0.0001). Between major pDDI, the main risk was hemorrhage (50.3%), the most frequent major pDDI involved combination of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. Among moderate pDDI, 3,866 (90.8%) involved medicines for the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, mainly hypertension. In HU-USP, the profile of pDDI was similar among adults and elderly (the most frequent pDDI and major pDDI were same), the difference was only the frequency in either group. The efforts of the clinical pharmacists should be directed to elderly patients with cardiovascular compromise, mainly in use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. Furthermore, hospital managers should increase the integration between levels of health care to promote safety patient after discharge.
O estudo tem por objetivo descrever o perfil de interações medicamentosas potenciais (IMP) na clínica médica de um hospital escola. Dados sobre a identificação e estado clínico dos pacientes foram extraídos de prontuários médicos, entre março e agosto de 2006. A ocorrência de IMP foi analisada empregando-se o banco de monografias Micromedex DrugReax® System. Das 5.336 prescrições, 3.097 (58,0%) continham IMP. A frequência de IMP graves e bem documentadas foi de 26,5%. Entre os 647 pacientes, 432 (66,8%) foram expostos a pelo menos uma IMP e 283 (43,7%) uma IMP grave. A análise multivariada identificou que os fatores relacionados a maiores taxas de IMP e IMP graves foram os mesmos: idade (p< 0,0001), tempo de internação (p< 0,0001), prevalência de hipertensão [OR=3,42 (p< 0,0001)] e diabetes mellitus [OR=2,1 (p< 0,0001)] , doenças cardiovasculares (p< 0,0001) e o número de medicamentos prescritos (correlação de Spearman =0,640622, p< 0,0001). Entre as IMP graves, o principal risco foi hemorragia (50,3%) e as IMP graves mais frequentes envolviam a combinação de anticoagulantes e agentes antiplaquetários. Entre as IMP de gravidade moderada, 3.866 (90,8%) envolviam medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, particularmente hipertensão. No HU-USP, o perfil de IMP foi similar entre adultos e idosos (as IMP e IMP graves mais frequentes foram as mesmas), a diferença estava apenas na diferença na frequência em cada um dos grupos. Os esforços dos farmacêuticos clínicos deveriam ser direcionados aos pacientes idosos, com comprometimento cardiovascular, principalmente aqueles em uso de anticoagulantes e fármacos antiplaquetários. Além disso, deve-se aumentar a integração entre os níveis do cuidado a saúde para promover a segurança do paciente após a alta.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Drug Interactions , Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data , Internal MedicineABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to assess the bioequivalence of two cephalexin tablet formulations available in the Brazilian market (product A as reference formulation and product B as test formulation). Dissolution efficiency (DE%) was calculated for both formulations to evaluate their
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a bioequivalência de duas formulações de cefalexina disponíveis no mercado brasileiro (produto A como formulação referência e produto B como formulação teste). A eficiência de dissolução (DE%) foi calculada para ambas as formulações para avaliar suas características biofarmacêuticas. O estudo de bioequivalência oral foi realizado em vinte e quatro voluntários sadios utilizando um desenho cruzado. Uma dose oral única (comprimido contendo 500 mg de cefalexina) de cada produto foi administrada com um período de
Subject(s)
Humans , Cephalexin/pharmacokinetics , Cephalexin/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Therapeutic Equivalency , Urine/chemistryABSTRACT
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a atuação do farmacêutico na dispensação de medicamentos, sendo realizada pesquisa transversal exploratório-descritiva em oito Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) Adulto do Município de São Paulo. Questionário semiaberto sobre o serviço de dispensação foi aplicado aos farmacêuticos responsáveis de cada unidade estudada. Foram selecionadas duas unidades CAPS Adulto das regiões Norte, Sul, Leste e Oeste de São Paulo. A região central não dispõe de CAPS adulto, razão pela qual não fez parte do estudo. A maior parte dos entrevistados apresentou idade entre 35 e 40 anos, com predomínio do gênero feminino. Verificou-se que metade dos entrevistados realizou apenas 25% das dispensações e poucos fizeram a análise de todas as prescrições antes de dispensar o medicamento. Todos os respondentes entravam em contato com o prescritor na presença de algum problema relacionado ao medicamento. Entretanto, intervenções farmacêuticas não eram realizadas comumente. Ainda, um dos respondentes indicou que todas as suas funções na farmácia poderiam ser delegadas a outro profissional. Os dados reforçam a necessidade de ações que possibilitem o aprimoramento contínuo do farmacêutico a fim de que esteja apto à prática clínica voltada aos pacientes com transtornos mentais.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the pharmacist in dispensing medication by conducting cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive research in eight Adult Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) in São Paulo. The pharmacists responsible for each of the dispensing units studied filled out a semi-structured questionnaire about the service provided. Two Adult CAPS units were selected from each of the North, South, Eastand West regions of São Paulo. The central region has no Adult CAPS, and was therefore not included in the study. Most of the respondents were aged between 35 and 40 years and were predominantly female. It was found that half of the respondents performed only 25% of dispensations and few conducted an analysis of all prescriptions before dispensing medication. All respondents contacted the prescriber if any medication-related problems a rose. However, few pharmaceutical interventions were commonly performed. Furthermore, one respondent indicated that all his/her functions in the pharmacy could be delegated to another professional. These findings reveal the pressing need for actions that ensure the ongoing training of pharmacists to enable them to be clinically prepared to deal with patients with mental disorders.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Pharmacists , Pharmaceutical Services , Professional Role , Brazil , Urban Health , Cross-Sectional Studies , Psychosocial Support SystemsABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: a partir de 1990 se han desarrollado programas de Atención Farmacéutica en ambiente hospitalario, centrando su atención en el Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, sin embargo, la comunidad científica internacional farmacéutica visualiza problemáticas como la ausencia de un ejercicio sistematizado, continuo y permanente. OBJETIVO: diseñar un sistema organizativo para implementar el ejercicio de la atención farmacéutica como práctica profesional, en el ámbito hospitalario cubano, específicamente en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. MÉTODOS: para el diseño del sistema se aplicaron herramientas del método sistémico; se definieron: partes componentes, principios, estructura y representación gráfica, así como, características y enfoque. RESULTADOS: se propuso un sistema organizativo complejo, dinámico, probabilístico, adaptable e inestable, dependiente de la integración de factores interactuantes que son: sistema de relaciones esenciales, estructura, proceso y resultado; aplicable a cualquier actividad farmacéutica hospitalaria orientada a la clínica, bajo los conceptos de la atención farmacéutica. CONCLUSIONES: la implementación del sistema propuesto se podrá constituir en elevada contribución para la atención farmacéutica hospitalaria en Cuba, en la medida en que las recomendaciones puedan ser adoptadas por las autoridades sanitarias cubanas(AU)
INTRODUCTION: starting from 1990, several pharmaceutical care programs have been developed at the hospital setting, focused on the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of the patient. However, the international scientific community of pharmacists has envisaged some problems such as the lack of systematic, continuous and permanent implementation. OBJECTIVE: to design an organizational system to support the pharmaceutical care as a professional practice at the Cuban hospital settings, particularly in Santiago de Cuba province. METHODS: the systemic method tools were used for the system design and the components, the principles, the structure and the graphic presentation as well as the characteristics and the approach were all defined. RESULTS: acomplex, dynamic, probabilistic, adaptive and unstable system was put forward, which will depend on the integration of interacting factors as the following: System of essential relationships, Structure, Process and Result will be applicable to any clinic-oriented pharmaceutical activity at hospital under the concepts of the Pharmaceutical Care. CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of the suggested system could represent a significant contribution to the pharmaceutical care at hospital in Cuba as long as the Cuban health authorities adopt the recommendations made in this respect(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pharmacy Administration/history , Pharmacy Service, Hospital/supply & distribution , Pharmaceutical Services/standards , CubaABSTRACT
A política de medicamentos genéricos foi implantada no Brasil em 1999 com o objetivo de estimular a concorrência comercial, melhorar a qualidade dos medicamentos e facilitar o acesso da população ao tratamento medicamentoso. O processo de implementação dessa política permitiu a introdução e a discussão de conceitos nunca antes utilizados para o registro de medicamentos no Brasil: biodisponibilidade, bioequivalência, equivalência farmacêutica, medicamentos genéricos, sistema de classificação biofarmacêutica e bioisenção. Este artigo apresenta a definição desses conceitos no contexto das leis brasileiras e oferece uma descrição histórica e cronológica da implementação da política de genéricos no Brasil, listando ainda as resoluções que atualmente estão em vigor. Os resultados contribuem para a compreensão do processo e facilitam a busca e a identificação de ensaios necessários para satisfazer os critérios legais.
The Brazilian generic drugs policy was implemented in 1999 with the aim of stimulating competition in the market, improve the quality of drugs and improve the access of the population to drug treatment. The process of implementing this policy allowed the introduction and discussion of concepts that had never before been used in the context of drug registration in Brazil: bioavailability, bioequivalence, pharmaceutical equivalence, generic drugs, biopharmaceutical classification system, biowaiver. The present article provides definitions for these concepts in the context of Brazilian legislation as well as a historical and chronological description of the implementation of the generic drugs policy in Brazil, including a list of current generic drug legislation. This article contributes to the understanding of the Brazilian generic drugs policy and facilitates the search for information concerning the legal requirements for registration of drugs in Brazil.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Drugs, Generic/history , Legislation, Drug/history , Biological Availability , Biopharmaceutics/classification , Brazil , Drug Labeling , Drugs, Generic/pharmacokinetics , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
The thermal behavior of two polymorphic forms of rifampicin was studied by DSC and TG/DTG. The thermoanalytical results clearly showed the differences between the two crystalline forms. Polymorph I was the most thermally stable form, the DSC curve showed no fusion for this species and the thermal decomposition process occurred around 245 ºC. The DSC curve of polymorph II showed two consecutive events, an endothermic event (Tpeak = 193.9 ºC) and one exothermic event (Tpeak = 209.4 ºC), due to a melting process followed by recrystallization, which was attributed to the conversion of form II to form I. Isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition process. For non-isothermal experiments, the activation energy (Ea) was derived from the plot of Log β vs 1/T, yielding values for polymorph form I and II of 154 and 123 kJ mol-1, respectively. In the isothermal experiments, the Ea was obtained from the plot of lnt vs 1/T at a constant conversion level. The mean values found for form I and form II were 137 and 144 kJ mol-1, respectively.
O comportamento térmico de duas formas polimórficas da rifampicina foi estudado por DSC e TG/DTG. Os resultados termoanalíticos mostraram claramente as diferenças entre as duas formas cristalinas. O polimorfo I é a forma mais estável termicamente, a curva DSC não mostrou a fusão dessa espécie e o processo de decomposição térmica ocorreu próximo a 245 ºC. A curva DSC do Polimorfo II apresentou dois eventos consecutivos, um endotérmico (Tpico = 193,9 ºC) e outro exotérmico (Tpico = 209,4 ºC), devido à fusão seguida de recristalização, a qual foi atribuída à conversão da forma II à forma I. Métodos termogravimétricos isotérmicos e não-isotérmicos foram empregados para determinar os parâmetros cinéticos do processo de decomposição térmica. Para experimentos não-isotérmicos, a energia de ativação (Ea) foi obtida a partir do gráfico de Log β vs 1/T, e os valores 154 e 123 kJ mol-1 foram encontrados, respectivamente, para os polimorfos I e II. Para os experimentos isotérmicos, a Ea foi obtida a partir do gráfico de lnt vs. 1/T a um nível de conversão constante. O valor médio encontrado foi 137 e 144 kJ mol-1, respectivamente, para a forma I e forma II.
Subject(s)
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning , Pharmacokinetics , Rifampin , Thermosensing , Thermogravimetry , TuberculosisABSTRACT
This study was carried out in the outpatient unit of the Teaching Hospital of the University of São Paulo (USP), and studied the impact of an educational program aimed at improving hypertensive patients' compliance to treatment. Seventy five (75) hypertensive patients of both sexes took part in the study which had no age or race discrimination. Participants presented no other concomitant pathology, except obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Forty one patients were allocated to an experimental group (EG). Experimental patients attended lectures on the use of medication and artery hypertension (AH) and received personal pharmaceutical guidance for nine months. The control group (CG) comprised 34 patients who did not attend lectures or receive pharmaceutical advice in this period. The results were assessed by means of serum levels of cholesterol and fractions of tryacylglicerol (TG), urine sodium and potassium, arterial pressure (AP), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and also based on responses to a questionnaire focusing on AH and treatment. Patients who received the guidance showed a greater decrease in AP, TG and WHR, besides an increase of potassium excretion through urine. The experimental group also scored higher on the questionnaires compared to the CG. It was concluded that the educational process, applied under the conditions of the present study, improves clients' clinical response to antihypertensive treatment and should be included in therapeutic strategies of health care services dealing with hypertensive patients.
Este trabalho, realizado no ambulatório do Hospital Universitário da USP, estudou a repercussão de um programa educacional visando melhorar a adesão do paciente hipertenso ao tratamento. Participaram do trabalho 75 pacientes de ambos os sexos, sem discriminação de idade ou raça, sem outras patologias concomitantes, exceto obesidade, diabetes e dislipidemia. Quarenta e um pacientes assistiram palestras sobre uso de medicamentos e hipertensão arterial (HA), receberam orientação farmacêutica individualizada durante nove meses e foram denominados grupo experimental (GE); o grupo controle (GC), composto por 34 pacientes não assistiu palestras nem recebeu orientação farmacêutica, neste período. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de níveis séricos de colesterol e frações, triacil-gliceróis (TG), sódio e potássio urinários, pressão arterial (PA), índice de massa corpórea (IMC), relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), além de respostas a questionário enfocando HA e tratamento. Verificou-se que os pacientes orientados apresentaram maior decréscimo da PA, TG e da RCQ, além de aumento da excreção urinária de potássio e do percentual de acertos em questionários, em relação ao GC. Concluiu-se que o processo educativo, utilizado nas condições deste estudo, melhora a resposta clínica do paciente ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e deve fazer parte das estratégias terapêuticas de serviços de atendimento a pacientes hipertensos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Hospitals, University , Hypertension , Medication Adherence , Monitoring, Ambulatory , Pharmaceutical Services , Health Education , Hyperglycemia , ObesityABSTRACT
The determination of chemical purity, melting range, and variation of enthalpy in the process of characterizing medicines is one of the principal requirements evaluated in quality control of the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the method of purity determination using DSC was outlined, as well as the application of this technique for the evaluation of commercial samples of zidovudine (AZT) (raw material) supplied by different laboratories. To this end, samples from six different laboratories (A, B, C, D, E, and F) and the standard reference (R) from the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) were analyzed. The DSC curves were obtained in the temperature range of 25 to 200 ºC under the dynamic atmosphere of N2 (50 mL min-1), heating rate of β=2 ºC min-1, using an Al capsule containing approximately 2 mg of sample material. The results demonstrated that the standard reference presented a proportion of 99.83 percent whereas the AZT samples presented a variation ranging from 97.59 to 99.54 percent. In addition, the standard reference was found to present a temperature of onset of melting point of 122.80 ºC. Regarding the samples of active agents provided by the different laboratories, a variation ranging from 118.70 to 122.87 ºC was measured. In terms of ΔHm, the samples presented an average value of 31.12 kJ mol-1.
A determinação da pureza química, a faixa de fusão e a variação de entalpia envolvida no processo de caracterização de fármacos é um dos principais requisitos avaliados no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas. Neste trabalho é feita uma breve abordagem sobre o método de determinação de pureza utilizando DSC, assim como a aplicação desta técnica para avaliação de amostras comerciais de zidovudina (AZT) (matéria-prima) fornecida por diferentes laboratórios. Para tal, foram analisadas amostras de seis diferentes laboratórios (A,B,C,D,E e F) e a substância química de referência (R) da United States Pharmacopeia (USP). As curvas DSC foram obtidas na faixa de temperatura entre 25 a 200 ºC, sob atmosfera dinâmica de N2 (50 mL min-1), β=2 ºC min-1, utilizando cápsula de Al contendo aproximadamente 2 mg de amostra. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se observar que a substância química de referência apresentou teor igual a 99,83 por cento e que as amostras de AZT apresentaram uma faixa de variação entre 97,59 e 99,54 por cento. Pode-se verificar, ainda, que a substância química de referência apresentou uma temperatura onset de fusão igual a 122,80 ºC. Para as amostras dos princípios ativos fornecidos pelos diferentes laboratórios, pode-se verificar uma faixa de variação entre 118,70 e 122,87 ºC. No que se refere ao ΔHm, as amostras apresentaram valor médio de 31,12 kJ.mol-1.
Subject(s)
Hot Temperature , Calorimetry, Differential Scanning/statistics & numerical data , Zidovudine/analysis , Drug Evaluation/methods , Drug SamplesABSTRACT
Fármacos contidos em formas farmacêuticas sólidas devem ter adequada solubilidade aquosa e permeabilidade intestinal para serem absorvidos após administração oral. A velocidade e a extensão com as quais um fármaco é absorvido podem variar devido às suas características físico-químicas e fatores relacionados à desintegração e dissolução. Segundo o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB), a dissolução e a permeação intestinal do fármaco podem limitar a absorção e, conseqüentemente, a ação terapêutica. Este trabalho objetiva discutir dados da literatura referentes à previsão da relação entre a dissolução de fármacos e sua absorção empregando sistemas in vitro. Para avaliar a permeação in vitro são discutidos modelos com tecidos e segmentos intestinais, vesículas extraídas de membranas e cultura de células. Na literatura existem estudos de permeabilidade utilizando células Caco-2, TC-7, 2/4/A1, MDCK e MDCK-MDR1. As células Caco-2 são extraídas de adenocarcinoma de cólon humano que, em cultura celular, se diferenciam em enterócitos, podendo ser acopladas a sistemas de dissolução. Estas técnicas representam importante ferramenta para estudos de dissolução/permeação, porém, ainda são limitadas e não conseguem reproduzir adequadamente os mecanismos de transporte ativo.
Drugs contained in a solid pharmaceutical form should be adequately water soluble and permeable, into the intestine in order to be effectively absorbed after oral adminis-tration. The speed and extent at which a drug is absorbed can vary due to its physicochemical characteristics and factors related to disintegration and dissolution of the drug. According to Biopharmaceutical Drug System Classification (BSC), the dissolution and the intestinal permeation of a drug can limit the absorption and, consequently, the therapeutic action of that drug. This article focuses on data concerning the predictability of dissolution and absorption of drugs using in vitro models. There are several methods for determining in vitro intestinal permeability. These include diffusion studies with intestinal segments from various species or with cultured cell monolayer. Some of the most commonly used cell models are Caco-2, TC-7, 2/4/A1 and MDCK. Caco-2 cells have been the most extensively characterized and useful cell models. The Caco-2 cell, a human colon adenocarcinoma, undergoes spontaneous enterocytic differentiation in culture. A dissolution Caco-2 system has been developed to predict dissolution/absorption relationships of oral solid dosage forms of drugs prior to human studies. The in vitro permeability models represent an important tool for drug discovery within the pharmaceutical industry. However, similar models are likely to generate false negative results with actively transported drugs, and the use of a sophisticated mathematical model could be required.
Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations , Pharmacokinetics , PermeabilityABSTRACT
O presente estudo reporta os resultados comparativos obtidos através da avaliação da cinética e da eficiência de dissolução da cefalexina a partir de dois lotes (1 e 2) de diferentes produtos contendo tal fármaco disponíveis no mercado brasileiro (A e B) sob a forma de comprimidos de liberação convencional. Os perfis de dissolução foram determinados utilizando as seguintes condições: aparato 1 (cesta, 40 mesh); 100 rpm; 900 mL de água destilada mantida a 37±0,5 °C. Amostras coletadas em: 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 minutos e a concentração de cefalexina foi determinada por espectrofotometria UV (262 nm). A partir dos perfis de dissolução determinou-se: modelo matemático de liberação da cefalexina (primeira-ordem); porcentagem de cefalexina dissolvida em 30 minutos (Q30); constante da velocidade de dissolução (k); meia-vida de dissolução (t50 por cento); eficiência de dissolução (ED por cento). Os valores Q30 obtidos indicaram que os produtos A2 e B2 se apresentaram de acordo com as especificações farmacopéicas. A comparação entre os perfis indicou diferenças estatisticamente significativa entre os produtos A2 e B1 (análise comparativa dos parâmetros cinéticos), A1 e B2 (análise comparativa pelos fatores de diferença - f1 e similaridade - f2) e B1 e B2 (análise comparativa dos parâmetros cinéticos e da ED por cento).
The present study reports the comparative results of the cephalexin dissolution kinetic evaluation and dissolution efficiency (ED percent) considering two brands (1 and 2) of different products (A and B), available within the Brazilian market in the tablet conventional release dosage form. The dissolution profiles have been determined adopting the following conditions: apparatus 1 (basket, 40 mesh); 100 rpm; 900 mL of distilled water kept 37±0,5 °C. Samples have been collected in: 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes and the cephalexin concentration was determined at UV spectrofotometry (262 nm). Through the dissolution profiles it has been determined: (i) the mathematical model of cephalexin released (first-order); (ii) the percentage of cephalexin dissolved at 30 minutes (Q30); (iii) the constant of the dissolution rate (k); (iv) half-life of dissolution (t50 percent); and, (v) the efficiency of dissolution (ED percent). The percentage of cephalexin dissolved at 30 minutes (Q30) has indicated that the products A2 e B2 were in accordance with the presented pharmacopoeia specifications. Dissolution profile comparison has indicated significant statistic difference between: A2 and B1 (comparative analysis of the kinetic parameters), A1 and B2 (comparative analysis by difference factor - f1 and similarity factor - f2), B1 and B2 (comparative analysis of the kinetic parameters and ED percent).